Pronóstico de la infección profunda en la cirugía raquídea con implante, tratada mediante retención, retirada del injerto óseo y antibioterapia prolongada / Prognosis of deep infection in spinal surgery using implants, treated by retention, removal of bone graft and lengthy antibiotherapy

Objetivo: La infección profunda de la herida quirúrgica (IPHQ) es una complicación que predispone a un alto riesgo de fracaso en cirugía raquídea con fijación vertebral. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido valorar la tasa de IPHQ en este tipo de pacientes y su pronóstico siguiendo un abordaje terapéutico homogéneo. Material y método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se incluyó a 799 pacientes mayores de 14 años, intervenidos de cirugía raquídea con fijación vertebral entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2014, en el Servicio de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica de nuestro centro. Todos los pacientes diagnosticados de IPHQ fueron tratados de forma homogénea mediante desbridamiento, sustitución del injerto óseo, retención del implante y tratamiento antimicrobiano de 8 semanas. Tras finalizar el tratamiento, los pacientes fueron seguidos durante un periodo de 12 meses. Resultados: De total de los pacientes tratados mediante artrodesis, 32 (4%) tuvieron una IPHQ. Tres pacientes fueron perdidos en el seguimiento. La muestra final analizable fue de 29 casos, los cuales tenían una mediana de edad de 54,9 años (IQR: 45,7-67 años) y un índice de comorbilidad de Charlson de 2,0 (IQR: 0-3). El diagnóstico microbiológico fue establecido en el 75,8% de los casos. De ellos, la IPHQ fue monomicrobiana en el 68,2% y polimicrobiana en el 31,8%. Con el abordaje terapéutico aplicado curaron sin secuelas el 96% y la tasa de recidivas y reintervención fue del 4%. Conclusión: El tratamiento mediante desbridamiento, retención, sustitución del injerto y tratamiento antimicrobiano de 8 semanas parece una estrategia muy eficaz para los pacientes con fijación vertebral que desarrollan IPHQ

Objective: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are complications that predispose to a high risk of unfavourable surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the SSI rate in this type of patients and their prognosis with similar treatment. Materials and methods: A retrospective case series of 799 patients above 18 years old with spinal instrumentation surgery, between January 2010 and December 2014 in the traumatology and orthopaedic surgery department of our institution. All patients with SSIs were treated by debridement, graft replacement, retention of the instrumentation and lengthy courses of antimicrobial therapy. The patients were followed up for a period of 12 months. Results: Of all the patients with arthrodesis, 32 (4%) had spinal SSIs. Three patients were lost to follow-up. The final sample analyzed comprised 29 cases, with a median age of 54.9 years (IQR, 45.7-67 years) and a Charlson comorbidity index of 2.0 (IQR; 0-3). A microbiological diagnosis was obtained in 75.8% of the cases. Of these, the ISSs were monomicrobial in 68.2% and polymicrobial in 31.8%. Once treatment had been completed, 96% were cured without sequelae, and the rate of recurrence and reoperation was 4%. Conclusions: Treatment based on debridement, retention of the instrumentation, graft replacement and lengthy courses of antimicrobial therapy seems a very effective strategy in the treatment of patients with deep surgical site infection in spine surgery

Prognosis of deep infection in spinal surgery using implants, treated by retention, removal of bone graft and lengthy antibiotherapy. / Pronóstico de la infección profunda en la cirugía raquídea con implante, tratada mediante retención, retirada del injerto óseo y antibioterapia prolongada.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are complications that predispose to a high risk of unfavourable surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the SSI rate in this type of patients and their prognosis with similar treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case series of 799 patients above 18 years old with spinal instrumentation surgery, between January 2010 and December 2014 in the traumatology and orthopaedic surgery department of our institution. All patients with SSIs were treated by debridement, graft replacement, retention of the instrumentation and lengthy courses of antimicrobial therapy. The patients were followed up for a period of 12 months. RESULTS: Of all the patients with arthrodesis, 32 (4%) had spinal SSIs. Three patients were lost to follow-up. The final sample analyzed comprised 29 cases, with a median age of 54.9 years (IQR, 45.7-67 years) and a Charlson comorbidity index of 2.0 (IQR; 0-3). A microbiological diagnosis was obtained in 75.8% of the cases. Of these, the ISSs were monomicrobial in 68.2% and polymicrobial in 31.8%. Once treatment had been completed, 96% were cured without sequelae, and the rate of recurrence and reoperation was 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment based on debridement, retention of the instrumentation, graft replacement and lengthy courses of antimicrobial therapy seems a very effective strategy in the treatment of patients with deep surgical site infection in spine surgery.

Incidencia y factores de riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en cirugía mayor espinal, sin profilaxis química o mecánica / Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism in major spinal surgery with no chemical or mechanical prophylaxis

Objetivos. Evaluar la incidencia de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa sin profilaxis química o mecánica y valorar factores de riesgo específicos. Material y métodos. Realizamos un estudio de cohorte histórica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía espinal mayor, entre enero de 2010 y septiembre de 2014, con un total de 1.092 casos. En ningún paciente se administró tromboprofilaxis perioperatoria química o mecánica, indicando la movilización activa de los miembros inferiores y la deambulación precoz en torno a las primeras 24-48 h. Los casos clínicamente sintomáticos se confirmaron con eco-doppler de miembros inferiores o angio-TC de tórax. Resultados. Se identificaron 3 casos (0,27%) con TVP y 3 casos (0,27%) con TEP, con un caso letal (0,09%). En total, los eventos relacionados a ETV ascendieron a 0,54% (n = 5). No hubo casos de complicaciones de sangrado mayor o hematoma epidural. Se identificaron los siguientes factores de riesgo: cirugías de 4 o más niveles, intervenciones más largas de 130 min, más de 70 años de edad, el padecimiento de HTA y el diagnóstico de escoliosis degenerativa. Discusión. En cirugía espinal, actualmente existe poca evidencia científica que determine la influencia de los distintos factores de riesgo tromboembólicos y la prevención de los mismos, sumado a la disparidad de los métodos profilácticos indicados por los distintos especialistas, teniendo que sopesar el riesgo de sangrado perioperatorio, incluso la aparición de hematoma epidural. La indicación de profilaxis farmacológica debe valorarse en pacientes mayores de 70 años con HTA, cirugía prolongada más de 130 min o de 4 o más niveles (AU)

Objectives. To evaluate the incidence of venous thromboembolism in spine surgery with no chemical and mechanical prophylaxis, and to determine the specific risk factors for this complication. Materials and methods. A historical cohort was analysed. All patients subjected to major spinal surgery, between January 2010 and September 2014, were included. No chemical or mechanical prophylaxis was administered in any patient. Active mobilisation of lower limbs was indicated immediately after surgery, and early ambulation started in the first 24-48 hours after surgery. Clinically symptomatic cases were confirmed by Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs or chest CT angiography. Results. A sample of 1092 cases was studied. Thromboembolic events were observed in 6 cases (.54%); 3 cases (.27%) with deep venous thrombosis and 3 cases (.27%) with pulmonary thromboembolism. A lethal case was identified (.09%). There were no cases of major bleeding or epidural haematoma. The following risk factors were identified: a multilevel fusion at more than 4 levels, surgeries longer than 130 minutes, patients older than 70 years of age, hypertension, and degenerative scoliosis. Discussion. There is little scientific evidence on the prevention of thromboembolic events in spinal surgery. In addition to the disparity of prophylactic methods indicated by different specialists, it is important to weigh the risk-benefit of intra- and post-operative bleeding, and even the appearance of an epidural haematoma. Prophylaxis should be assessed in elderly patients over 70 years old, who are subjected to surgeries longer than 130 minutes, when 4 or more levels are involved (AU)

[Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism in major spinal surgery with no chemical or mechanical prophylaxis]. / Incidencia y factores de riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en cirugía mayor espinal, sin profilaxis química o mecánica.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of venous thromboembolism in spine surgery with no chemical and mechanical prophylaxis, and to determine the specific risk factors for this complication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A historical cohort was analysed. All patients subjected to major spinal surgery, between January 2010 and September 2014, were included. No chemical or mechanical prophylaxis was administered in any patient. Active mobilisation of lower limbs was indicated immediately after surgery, and early ambulation started in the first 24-48 hours after surgery. Clinically symptomatic cases were confirmed by Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs or chest CT angiography. RESULTS: A sample of 1092 cases was studied. Thromboembolic events were observed in 6 cases (.54%); 3 cases (.27%) with deep venous thrombosis and 3 cases (.27%) with pulmonary thromboembolism. A lethal case was identified (.09%). There were no cases of major bleeding or epidural haematoma. The following risk factors were identified: a multilevel fusion at more than 4 levels, surgeries longer than 130 minutes, patients older than 70 years of age, hypertension, and degenerative scoliosis. DISCUSSION: There is little scientific evidence on the prevention of thromboembolic events in spinal surgery. In addition to the disparity of prophylactic methods indicated by different specialists, it is important to weigh the risk-benefit of intra- and post-operative bleeding, and even the appearance of an epidural haematoma. Prophylaxis should be assessed in elderly patients over 70 years old, who are subjected to surgeries longer than 130 minutes, when 4 or more levels are involved.

Prevención de la aparición de fibrosis epidural post-laminectomía con el empleo de rapamicina y barrera colágeno. Estudio experimental en Conejos / Prevention of post-laminectomy peridural fibrosis with sirolimus and barrier collagen. An experimental rabbit study

Objetivo: La fibrosis epidural resulta una complicación de aparición frecuente tras practicar laminectomía. No disponemos en la actualidad de mecanismos que eviten su formación. Rapamicina posee la capacidad de inhibir la respuesta inflamatoria y fibroblástica, asi como el colageno presenta propiedad hemostática. Este trabajo, pretende valorar la capacidad de ambos agentes utilizados de forma conjunta, en evitar la aparicion de fibrosis epidural tras laminectomía. Material y método: Practicamos laminectomía del espacio intervertebral L4-L5 en 32 conejos, distribuidos en 4 grupos, que se sacrificaron a las 8 semanas. En el espacio epidural creado tras laminectomia en el grupo de casos se instilo 5 ml de rapamicina y se posicionó membrana de colágeno, en el segundo grupo se posiciono membrana de colageno, el tercer grupo recibio instilacion de 5 ml de rapamicina y en el grupo de control lavado con 5 ml de suero fisiologico tras finalizar laminectomía. Las preparaciones histológicas fueron estudiadas mediante microscopía óptica. Se cuantificaron las poblaciones celulares presentes en la reacción inflamatoria, el grosor de la membrana fibrosa y grado de adherencia dural. Resultados: La medida de la superficie fibrosa, el grado de adherencia dural y la celularidad inflamatoria fue siempre menor en los conejos del grupo tratado con rapamicina y membrana de colageno que el resto (p<0.05). Conclusiones: Rapamicina en presencia de colágeno reduce la formación fibrosis y la extensión de adherencia peridural, disminuye la presencia de células inflamatorias y fibroblasticas

Purpose: Epidural fibrosis is a common complication for the patients who underwent laminectomy. No mechanical procedure is known that can prevent its appearance. Sirolimus has been shown to exert its anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antiproliferative multifaceted properties and collagen has hemostatic properties. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of sirolimus and collagen-barrier on the prevention of postlaminectomy epidural fibrosis formation in laminectomy rabbits. Material and methods: We performed a laminectomy in the L4-L5 space in 32 rabbits, distributed into 4 groups, which were put down at 8 weeks. The study group received a 5 ml dose of sirolimus and collagen-barrier, second group a collagenbarrier, third group 5 ml of sirolimus and rabbits in the control groups were injected saline solution. Histologic preparations were studied by means of imaging techniques. The cell populations present in the inflammatory reaction were quantified as well as the thickness of the fibrous membrane and epidural scar adhesion. Results: The mean of the fibrous area, epidural scar adhesion and inflammatory cells was always less in the rabbits of the sirolimus and collagen barrier group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sirolimus and collagen-barrier is able to prevent epidural scar adhesion, inhibits the presence of inflammatory cells in the fibrous scar and reduces the extent of its adhesiveness and fibroblast proliferation